It has no root cap and does not develop procambium or conductive tissues (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). Plakhine, D., Eizenberg, H., Hershenhorn, J., Goldwasser, Y., and Kleifeld, Y. Even the easiest method of control, herbicides, requires broomrape specific-optimization for each cropping system to target the most vulnerable broomrape life stage, the young attachments while preserving the crop. Agroecology 3, 174. a review. Weed Sci. 54, 144149. Kuijt, J. 32, 767790. However, when Vurro et al. Scientists Dr Chris Thorogood at the University of Oxford Botanic Garden, and Dr Fred Rumsey at London's Natural History Museum have just described a new form of a strange parasitic 'vampire' plant known as 'common broomrape'. -, Abbes Z., Kharrat M., Delavault P., Chabi W., Simier P. (2009). Ilustration of broomrape life stages and mechanisms of control. (2012). The ability of L-methionine to stop the entrance of broomrape intrusive cells into the host-root layers has not been studied. Therefore, it may be possible to achieve broomrape control by fooling the parasite with the delivering to the soil of synthetic analogs of the original host-derived germination-inducing factors such as strigolactones (Johnson et al., 1976). (2007). known genetic relationship between HA-267, LIV-10, LIV-17, and AB-VL-8. Description Small broomrape is an her-baceous, eshy annual that is a Res. Mabrouk, Y., Mejri, S., Hemissi, I., Simier, P., Delavault, P., Saidi, M., et al. Mol. Food Chem. Botanists unearth new 'vampire plant' in UK carpark The flower shoots are scaly, with a dense terminal inflorescence (spike) of 10-20 flowers in most species. 51, 702707. 56, 574581. Seed response to strigolactone is controlled by abscisic acid-independent DNA methylation in the obligate root parasitic plant, Phelipanche ramosa L. Pomel. Germinating seeds of the root parasite Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. Sources of resistance to crenate broomrape among species of Vicia. Plant Dis. The host range of broomrape, in addition to tomato, covers a number of economically important rotational crops in the Central Valley: safflower, sunflower, carrot, bell pepper, several Brassica species, lettuce, several bean crops, melon, potato, olive and many common weeds, according to Bagley. Rev. 20, 471478. Weed Res. J. Prez-de-Luque, A., Fondevilla, S., Prez-Vich, B., Aly, R., Thoiron, S., Simier, P., et al. This treatment in the lab mimics the soil conditions in climatically suitable regions for broomrape such as Mediterranean non-irrigated agrosystems where the onset of warm and wet season coincides with the growth of juvenile stages of many annual crops (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Grenz and Sauerborn, 2007). Biocontrol Sci. Instead, broomrapes are in current state of intensification and spread due to lack of broomrape-specific control programs, unconscious introduction to new areas and may be decline of herbicide use and global warming to a lesser degree. seed germination and radicle growth. In vitro treatments of a large range of sulfonylurea herbicides inhibit broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Hershenhorn et al., 1998; Plakhine et al., 2001). doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00100-9, Joel, D. M. (2009). Sci. Biocontrol 47, 245277. Plant Microbe Interact. (2006). (1991). J. Weed Sci. 49(Suppl. 2022 Feb 5;11(3):438. doi: 10.3390/plants11030438. It remains unknown whether host factors are required by broomrape radicle to initiate haustorium and consequently this strategy has not been fully explored. The harvest of infested fields or blocks, because of the biology of this weed and its standing as a California Department of Food and Agriculture Class A status, is extremely ill-advised., (Article by Bob Johnson, Sacramento reporter. Weed Sci. All rights reserved. Small broomrape parasitism in red clover is temperature related. Plant J. Resistance in AB-VL-8 is . Besides the effects of fertilization management on pre-attached broomrape stages described in previous sections, high soil fertility can induce crops to endure broomrape parasitism by helping the host to maintain a favorable osmotic potential that reduces the parasitic sink strength (Gworgwor and Weber, 1991). The requirement for germination-inducing factors in order to break dormancy in parasitic seeds are bypassed by ethylene or cytokinins (which promotes ethylene biosynthesis) in Striga sp. Rich, P. J., Grenier, C., and Ejeta, G. (2004). Mineral nutrient concentration influences sunflower infection by broomrape (Orobanche cumana). J. The effect of nitrogenous compounds on in vitro germination of Orobanche crenata Forsk. (2007). broomrape and bursage relationship - theluxxorgroup.com Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Bacillus atrophaeus, B. subtilis are promising biocontrol agents targeting the growth of broomrape radicles (Barghouthi and Salman, 2010). Influence of nitrogen on germination and early development of broomrape (Orobanche spp.). Ivanovi , Marisavljevi D, Marinkovi R, Mitrovi P, Blagojevi J, Nikoli I, Pavlovi D. Plant Pathol J. Hortic. (2004). Plants (Basel). However, results recently arisen from a molecule screening identified phytotoxins that induce the development of anchoring device in broomrape radicles (Cimmino et al., 2014, 2015). Activity of secreted cell wall-modifying enzymes and expression of peroxidase-encoding gene following germination of Orobanche ramosa. Red clover plants were grown in soil articially infested with small broomrape seed in temperature-con-trolled growth . This is how can we live with this without huge yield losses. De Candolle, A. P. (1813). Another strategy to induce suicidal germination of broomrape seed bank could be the use of gibberellin agonists. Crop Prot. The plants have scales in place of leaves and may be yellowish, brownish, purplish, or white in colour. Bookshelf broomrape and bursage relationship - cftreeservice.com Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) Current chemical control of post-attached broomrape life stages is mainly achieved with foliar applications of systemic herbicides inhibiting ALS (imidazolinones, sulfonylureas) or EPSPS (glyphosate) to the leaves of crop varieties carrying target-site resistances to those herbicides to avoid direct injury of their metabolism. They have been traditionally considered the exception in parasitic Orobanchaceae that do not require host factors for haustorium initiation (Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). Other interesting molecules that hamper the ability of broomrape radicle to reach the host have been recently discovered from different microbial and plant origins (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2013; Cimmino et al., 2014). doi: 10.1614/WS-D-11-00120.1, Eizenberg, H., Colquhoun, J. Mller-Stver, D. (2001). Symbiosis 15, 6170. Z. Planzenphysiol. 51, 44874503. 69, 463472. Appl. Weed Res. 23, 44544466. After host adhesion to host root surface the haustorium develops its invasive function of penetrating the host root (Figure 2E). Mabrouk, Y., Simier, P., Arfaoui, A., Sifi, B., Delavault, P., Zourgui, L., et al. N. R. Spencer (Bozeman, MT: Montana State University), 139. Curr. 60, 316323. This lead us to build the list of the major feasible components that a model designed to quantify the effects of cropping systems on pest dynamics should include for specific broomrape control. doi: 10.1080/09583150903340544, Barker, E. R., Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Quick, W. P. (1996). Hemp broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), also known as branched broomrape, is a noxious pest around the world and can cause significant losses if crops are heavily infested. Broomrape Eradication is High Priority for UC Researchers, Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said, The host range of broomrape, in addition to tomato, covers a number of economically important rotational crops in the Central Valley: safflower, sunflower, carrot, bell pepper, several, Hanson and fellow researchers UC Davis assistant professor, Vergara presents findings on farmer-to-farmer education in Panama, Melotto named AAAS fellow for work in plant defenses against bacteria, Yasay accident report released by Davis Police, Poudel wins AAUW International Fellowship, Our leadership-Plant Sciences Executive Committee, Guidelines for Departmental GSR Annual Progress Report and Final Report, Plant Sciences Graduate Student Travel Award, Plant Sciences Teaching Assistantship (TA) Application (temporary link). Gworgwor, N. A., and Weber, H. C. (1991). 112 297308. Weed Res. J. Direct application of strigolactones to the soil has been the subject of intense research. 65, 492496. Novel approaches can increase broomrape control by fungi. The use of several phytopathogenic fungi for broomrape control. Adv. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x. Sci. For instance, tori (Brassica campestris var. Pest Manag. The flowers are irregularly shaped and produce single-chambered capsules that contain numerous minute seeds. 53, 1927. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The capacity of P. orobanchia to reduce broomrape populations is limited by cultural practices and antagonists (Klein and Kroschel, 2002; Aly, 2007). Special interest arises from those metabolites with a favorable pattern of broomrape-specific effect (e.g., tenuazonic acid) and no described side-effect to other biosystems (Vurro et al., 2009). is a parasitic plant that feeds on sunflower roots. The activity of glutamine synthetase in broomrape is very low and therefore carries a reduced broomrape ability to detoxify ammonium. (2009). Transfer of organic substances from the host plant Vicia faba to the parasite Orobanche crenata Forsk. J. Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed (1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; (2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; (3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth and crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents; and (4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant or tolerant varieties and implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitiveness. Technol. Ecological of weed seed size and persistence in the soil under different tilling systems: implications for weed management. Orobanche crenata in UK- an update. Paris: Dterville. These stages constitute sites of broomrape metabolism at which it is possible to design successful strategies to inhibit its sophisticated parasitism. Nature 374, 220221. Benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) acts as a functional analog of SA and activates defense responses in susceptible hosts leading to lignification of the endodermis and a consequent inhibition to up to 98% broomrape parasitism (Gonsior et al., 2004; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2004; Kusumoto et al., 2007). Lack of knowledge in the molecular regulation of the host-parasite interaction during crop invasion has impeded the development of varieties carrying transgenes with capacity to inhibit broomrape penetration. Tolerant varieties are able to endure infection with minor losses on productivity. Plant Prot. No-tillage improves broomrape control with glyphosate in faba-bean. Control 2, 291296. broomrape and bursage relationship licking county mayor Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal core parasitism genes and suggest gene duplication and repurposing as sources of structural novelty. Escape and true resistance to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) Soyasapogenol B and trans-22-dehydrocamposterol from common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) root exudates stimulate broomrape seed germination. In addition, inhibitors of ABA catabolism inhibit the germination-triggering effect of host-derived strigolactones. Pest Manag. 7:248. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-248, Bar-Nun, N., Ben-Hod, G., Lavi, E., and Mayer, A. M. (1996). broomrape and bursage relationship. (2002). The terminal haustorium develops at the apex of the seedling radicle upon host recognition (Musselman, 1980; Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). Weed Res. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.09.017. As a consequence of the high risk of establishment failure in the seedling, broomrapes have evolved germination strategies that predict establishment potential based on host chemodetection (Vaucher, 1823). 10, 107114. Mohamed, K. I., Papes, M., Williams, R., Benz, B. W., and Peterson, A. T. (2006). Broomrape is easily spread by equipment, boots and water, he said. 10. Gain of host sensitivity in broomrape seeds at the end of the conditioning phase is mediated by demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1987.tb00751.x, Babiker, A. G. T., Ibrahim, N. E., and Edwards, W. G. (1988). If successful, these studies could develop a strategy to limit the damage from broomrape if it becomes established and the strict quarantine is lifted. This prevents broomrape parasitism from taking place, maintaining the seed bank dormant and reducing the rate of seed bank replenishing. 29, 391393. 49, 2333. doi: 10.1023/A:1015654429456. Manage. Resistance that occurs in the central cylinder is related with accumulation of phenolic compounds in the surrounding tissues and nearby xylem vessels inducing a toxic release near the parasite impeding vascular connection (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009). doi: 10.1007/BF00029536, Tan, S., Evans, R. R., Dahmer, M. L., Sing, B. K., and Shaner, D. (2005). The relationship between the organic nitrogen status of Egyptian broomrape and one of its hosts, carrot, was studied by comparing amino acid profiles of leaf and root tissues of nonparasitized and broomrape-parasitized carrot plants and by analyzing amino acid profiles of broomrape at different growth stages. Effect of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) burial depth on parasitism dynamics and chemical control in tomato. Plant sesquiterpenes induce hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ambio 35, 281288. Broomrape, commonly called Orobanche, is a genus of more than 200 species of herbaceous plants native to the temperate northern hemisphere. doi: 10.1560/Q3BA-8BJW-W7GH-XHPX, Das, M., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Yang, Z. Seed respiration patterns during conditioning indicate a strong activation of metabolism. doi: 10.1002/ps.567, Aybeke, M., en, B., and kten, S. (2015). doi: 10.1021/jf504609w, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Avolio, F., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., Yoneyama, K., et al. The strigolactone story. 62, 70637071. doi: 10.1126/science.aab1140, Dadon, T., Nun, N. B., and Mayer, A. M. (2004). Weed Sci. doi: 10.1021/jf403738p, Finch-Savage, W. E., and Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). Crop Prot. Expression of sarcotoxin IA gene via a root-specific tob promoter enhanced host resistance against parasitic weeds in tomato plants. Agric. Field Crops Res. doi: 10.1560/ETEL-C34X-Y6MG-YT0M, Veronesi, C., Bonnin, E., Calvez, S., Thalouarn, P., and Simier, P. (2007). 119, 585591. Such target-site resistance is also available in other broomrape-susceptible crops but remains to be tested and registered to control broomrape. More than 40 insect herbivores from 22 families have been collected on broomrape plants but a majority of them are polyphagous without any specificity for broomrape species being some of them serious pests of important crops (Klein and Kroschel, 2002). 37, 3751. Bot. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.41.060190.001015. Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said Brad Hanson, UC Cooperative Extension weed specialist, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis. Mutualism This is a win-win relationship Both organisms . How Striga parasitizes its host: a TEM and SEM study. broomrape and bursage relationship - agencijastratega.com Fernndez-Aparicio M, Masi M, Cimmino A, Evidente A. Effect of fungal and plant metabolites on broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.30.060179.002533. Abbasher A. Control the Striga conundrum. Distrib. Evaluation of amino acids as turfgrass nematicides. These plants are best known by their straw-yellow stems, which are completely free of chlorophyll and have blue, white, or yellow dragon-like flowers. Food Chem. Understanding Orobanche and Phelipanche-host plant interactions and developing resistance. 93, 10391051. Broomrape species display high diversity with regard to their host range. Preconditioning and germination of Orobanche seeds: respiration and protein synthesis. 48, 39303934. The metabolic activity of the seed conditioning in broomrape has been characterized in terms of patterns of respiration, synthesis and turnover of proteins, metabolism of nitrogen, carbohydrates and lipids and hormonal balance. Broomrape Flower | Orobanche | Chlorophyll-Free Plant | BioExplorer XR and SG-L additional text, editing, and comments. Phytoparasitica 32, 2129. Biological control of broomrape is based on the use of living organisms either by killing seed bank or interfering with its host-recognition ability. Those interactions promote the broomrape seed bank remains dormant inhibiting the initiation of broomrape parasitism, and therefore its rates of seed bank replenishment. Variability of interactions between barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) genotypes and Orobanche species. Quinone oxidoreductase message levels are differentially regulated in parasitic and non-parasitic plants exposed to allelopathic quinones. Likewise, rapum is the partially . Colonization of field pea roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduces Orobanche and Phelipanche species seed germination. doi: 10.1614/WS-06-135, Evidente, A., Cimmino, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., and Motta, A. J. Exp. (2014). J. Exp. Plant Growth Regul. doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00070-8, Antonova, T. S., and Ter Borg, S. J. PPT - Symbiosis PowerPoint presentation | free to download - id: 57c2dc Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. and transmitted securely. 55, 517520. (2007). Although analytical chemistry methods have failed to detect strigolactones in parasitic plants (Liu et al., 2014), transcriptome sequencing reveals that all known strigolactone genes, both synthesis and perception are present in broomrapes with apparently full-length proteins (Pron et al., 2012; Das et al., 2015). Quelques aspects particuliers de la biologie des Orobanches, in Proceedings of the European Weed Research Council on Parasitic Weeds, eds W. G. H. Edwards, L. Kasasian, C. Parker, A. R. Saghir, and W. van der Zweep (Malta: Royal University of Malta), 5567. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The effects of superphosphate application, 2,4-DB and grazing on broomrape (Orobanche minor Sm.) This is a short and delicate stage where the parasite either connects with the host or dies due to nutrient exhaustion. A reduced content of broomrape germination-inducing factors in root exudates of mycorrhizal plants has been demonstrated (Lpez-Rez et al., 2011). Wallingford: CAB International. 2021 Apr 11;10(4):746. doi: 10.3390/plants10040746. Study on viability and longevity of Orobanche seed under laboratory conditions, in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche Research: Progress in Orobanche Research, eds K. Wegmann and L. J. Musselman (Obermarchtal: Eberhard-Karls Universitat), 110114. You could plant non-host crops for 20 years, but then when you plant tomatoes, branched broomrape could emerge again, Hanson said. A., and Stewart, G. R. (1978). One step in the research is to learn if the tomatoes can grow through low level applications of the candidate herbicides. These connections are probably developed from simultaneous differentiation of adjacent host and parasite cells to xylem elements (Drr, 1997). Quimby, P. C. Jr., Zidack, N. K., and Boyette, C. D. (1999). 100, 537544. Sauerborn (1991) estimated that 16 million ha in Mediterranean and West Asia regions risked being infested. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00272.x, Hibberd, J. M., Quick, W. P., Press, M. C., Scholes, J. D., and Jeschke, W. D. (1999). Epub 2021 Dec 1. de Saint Germain A, Jacobs A, Brun G, Pouvreau JB, Braem L, Cornu D, Clav G, Baudu E, Steinmetz V, Servajean V, Wicke S, Gevaert K, Simier P, Goormachtig S, Delavault P, Boyer FD. Most species are primarily subterranean and appear aboveground only to reproduce. High osmotic potential in roots and drop in amino acid levels in the phloem has been reported in tolerant varieties of faba bean in response to broomrape parasitism. Weed Res. doi: 10.1021/jf030025s, Grenz, J. H., Manschadi, A. M., Uygurc, F. N., and Sauerborn, J. In addition to this direct effect, ethylene-producing bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. Engineering of virulence-enhanced mycoherbicides is another approach of great interest. When resistant crops impose barriers to stop the parasitic development at this stage, broomrape exhausts and parasitism is quickly aborted. Orobanche; Phelipanche; germination; haustorium; integrated pest management; parasitism; plant recognition; seed bank. A. C. Verkleij (Nantes: University of Nantes), 294295. doi: 10.1021/jf5027235, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Kisugi, T., Xie, X., Rubiales, D., and Yoneyama, K. (2014). doi: 10.1007/BF02980855, Prez-de-Luque, A., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2008). Fig. broomrape and bursage relationship - ROTORWORK S.R.L. In the following sections we describe the key developmental stages in the subterranean broomrape life cycle. Broomrape tubercles accumulate host-derived nitrogen in the form of either arginine or in the arginine and aspartate pair (Nandula et al., 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). doi: 10.1614/P2002-151, Rubiales, D., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Prez-de-Luque, A., Castillejo, M. A., Prats, E., Sillero, J., et al. The structure and development of the haustorium in parasitic Scrophulariaceae. In addition, this technique generates a considerable amount of plastic waste but the emergence of new materials at low-cost, of biological origin and biodegradable may in the future reduce earth pollution with plastic debris derived from agriculture practices (Fernandez and Ingber, 2013). doi: 10.1006/anbo.1998.0847, Toh, S., Kamiya, Y., Kawakami, N., Nambara, E., McCourt, P., and Tsuchiya, Y. It is best recognized by its yellow-to-straw coloured stems completely lacking chlorophyll, bearing yellow, white or blue, snapdragon-like flowers. Lpez-Rez, J. (2007b). Recognition of root exudates by seeds of broomrape (Orobanche and Phelipanche) species. B., and Mallory-Smith, C. A. Its high cost per surface unit makes this method not readily applicable at large scale (Joel, 2000). (1995). Weed Res. 65, 478491. Hortic. Branched broomrape has recently been detected in isolated fields in Yolo, Solano and San Joaquin counties, but the processing tomato business has a history of investing in efforts to eradicate this potentially disastrous weed. 60, 295306. The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. Striga resistance in the wild relatives of sorghum. A member of the tropical Silky Flycatcher family, males are a shiny black and females a charcoal grey. Control of Egyptian Broomrape in Processing Tomato: A Summary of 20 Years of Research and Successful Implementation. A., and Rubiales, D. (2008b). Dry matter production and partitioning in the host-parasite association Vicia fabaOrobanche crenata. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2009.00742.x, Rubiales, D., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., and Rodriguez, M. J. J. Bot. Sci. 6, 269275. Often secondary infections by fungi cause early death of broomrape shoots or limit the development of flowers and ovules (Klein and Kroschel, 2002). The advantage of this approach using fungi is that it can be used in absence of host cultivation (Thomas et al., 1999). 101, 13941399. Weed Res. Sci. A., and Sauerborn, J. It allows the parasite to quickly start tapping carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids from its host (Drr and Kollmann, 1995; Nandula et al., 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). Plant Physiol. (2007). Available at: www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, Acharya, B. D., Khattri, B. G., Chettri, M. K., and Srivastava, X. A role for IAA in the infection of Arabidopsis thaliana by Orobanche aegyptiaca. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The damage induced in the crop by broomrape parasitism differs for each broomrape-host association. Pest Manang. Westwood, J. H., dePamphilis, C. W., Das, M., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Honaas, L. A., Timko, M. P., et al. Figure 1. It's a cute little bird - the Phainopepla. 139, 194198. 65, 566571. When Love Hurts Children: Controlling the Feelings of Minors Ann. Sources of low-inducers genotypes exist in crops species attacked by the close related parasitic weed Striga (Rich et al., 2004). Soil management affects the success of broomrape seeds in becoming established on the host and then the longevity of broomrape seed bank. Musselman, L. J. 6, 143. In general, parasitized crops suffer from reductions in total biomass at the greatest expense to the reproductive tissue (Barker et al., 1996; Manschadi et al., 1996; Lins et al., 2007). Joel, D. M., Back, A., Kleifeld, Y., and Gepstein, S. (1991). Abbes, Z., Kharrat, M., Pouvreau, J. The moths lay their eggs in the flowers. Due to their achlorophyllous nature, broomrapes are constrained to obtain their nutritional resources by feeding off other plants using the haustorium, an organ unique in parasitic plants through which the parasite diverts water and nutrients from the host (De Candolle, 1813; Kuijt, 1969; Musselman and Dickison, 1975; Westwood, 2013). (2015). Cezard, R. (1973). The best studied group of germination-inducing factors are strigolactones, a group of terpenoid lactones.