Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. The most basic element of a song is also one of the most important a good rhythm. !/$v}5cliH_+B9W#PBY]C ::B) The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. Big bands of today are not all from an earlier era. The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord While all my lessons are free, if you find them useful please consider donating to help keep them coming. (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the . [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. '20s," "HOT" JAZZ As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. often feature virtuoso performers, on This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. [22] Some bandleaders, such as Guy Lombardo, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother Carmen),[23] while others, such as Maria Schneider, take on all three roles. harmony, structure and instrumentation. This would go back and forth a number of times. Hammond, John. He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. When the tradition came back full-circle into vocal jazz with a Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. clip on the basic jazz rhythm section), - Bass [33] During the 1930s, Count Basie's band often used head arrangements, as Basie said, "we just sort of start it off and the others fall in. This lineup was typical of swing era bands. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. Jazz Big Band Arrangements. Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. He created his band as a vehicle for his compositions. During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. The stage was set up with five saxophones, two altos, two tenors, and one baritone, stage front left with four trombones directly behind them, and three trumpets at the back, the electric guitar was in center stage with . Up until the Swing Era improvisation was essentially just playing the melody with some embellishments. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. During the 1960s and '70s, Sun Ra and his Arketstra took big bands further out. is America's So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. attractive to general listeners. West Side Story. Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. Company B, was popularized through records and film by The Andrews Sisters during World War Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. "12 2 3 4", then start the [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. Jazz elements into his famous musical, - trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. From The piece has an Jazz began in New Orleans in the Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and . "Call and Response" was a common musical device. . Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Pianist and vocalist Sarah Vaughan also influenced many singers. [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy The score indicated a fixed number of measures for solo improvisation and also musical notations with the desired sounds and effects. Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). Her vocal command expanded to an unusual range of four octaves, and she is best known for her melodic approach to scatting. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. "[34][35] Head arrangements were more common during the period of the 1930s because there was less turnover in personnel, giving the band members more time to rehearse. Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. 1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. D. in History from the University of California, Berkeley. In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo Swing as popular music usually had vocals, such as Glenn Miller's "Chattanooga Choo-Choo," and was intended for dancing. (1899-1974): The The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. Vocalists began to strike out on their own. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. The music business suffered during the Great Depression. style known as SWING. [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. His famous recording Body and Soul, recorded in 1939, is known for its continuous smooth sound. A. - jukebox Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Phil Spitalny, a native of Ukraine, led a 22-piece female orchestra known as Phil Spitalny and His Hour of Charm Orchestra, named for his radio show, The Hour of Charm, during the 1930s and 1940s. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. a hint of improvisationthe scores are completely written out As the soloistic improvisations intensified, bebop players such as saxophonist Charlie "Bird" PARKER often Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. Asthe name of that sound suggests, Count Basie played in Kansas City. and His Mother Called Him Bill, featured "Blood Count" and "Lotus Blossom," was a tribute album to . The genre was gradually absorbed into mainstream pop rock and the jazz rock sector.[45]. The methods of dance bands marked a step away from New Orleans jazz. Gloria Parker had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. 1560 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<10C156E632F2BA46ADA9AD0651C7900F><95985AC68A5B3B44A7FED2E54018B539>]/Index[1554 17]/Info 1553 0 R/Length 52/Prev 145355/Root 1555 0 R/Size 1571/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream But on performance day, this band of Lab rats replaces the high-tech gizmos with trumpets, saxophones, trombones, drums and a piano. The size could be anywhere from about 12 to 30 players. Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman. He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. II era. They refuse to look for new ideas and new outlets, so they fall by the waysideIm going to try to find out the new ideas before the others do., I stole everything I ever heard, but mostly I stole from the horns.. She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. Performers played, sang, danced, and presented shows and stand-up comedy in these large entertainment venues. He would conduct his band from his drum set. Dance bands had made phonograph records since the days of ragtime. Since the 1920s, Jazz improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz A standard big band consists of saxes, trumpets and trombones with a rhythm section. Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmie Lunceford each led orchestras that achieved international standing. Explain your opinion in a book review. ways. The 1930's brought a new style of jazz "big band swing". premiered. The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. Swing is sandwiched between two huge historical events. Big bands uplifted morale during World War II. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Orchestra,[41][42]. Ellington allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. of main line "crooners" such as Bing Music is My Mistress. This Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. 1554 0 obj <> endobj The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. black jazz musicians developed an. The Ellington orchestra succeeded in part through the expert use and contribution of consistently talented and unique players. on the chart below to go to that interactive webpage). Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. Bandleader Charlie Barnet's recording of "Cherokee" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. (1937). Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). of many things they must think about while they are playing. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
[28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". He joined Ben Pollacks band and made his first recording. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully composed arrangements that held many talented players together. and the Lincoln Center Jazz [29], An arrangement's first chorus is sometimes preceded by an introduction, which may be as short as a few measures or may extend to a chorus of its own. White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American virtuosity. Many bands toured the country in grueling one-night stands. And they played a particular type of Swing in Kansas City known as: Kansas City Jazz. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. Charlie PARKER and Dizzy [1][2] The division in early big bands, from the 1920s to 1930s, was typically two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three or four saxophones, and a rhythm section of four instruments. A ballad is a simple song, usually romantic in nature, and uses the same melody for each stanza. Bridging the gap to white audiences in the mid-1930s was the Casa Loma Orchestra and Benny Goodman's early band. Some of the Piano techniques employed during the Swing Era were: A good example of this is the Count Basie song Kansas City Keys. Rewrite each sentence following the instructions in parentheses. Maria Schneider assisted Gil Evans, wrote for Woody Herman and Mel Lewis, and has conducted jazz orchestras around the world. Charlie Parkers album South of the Border illustrated the influence of this genre on a bop artist, and the Tokyo Cuban Boys, an Afro-Cuban band dating from the postWorld War II years, exemplified the musics international appeal. The project is also supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. Gioia, Ted. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. George GERSHWIN (1898-1937): Rhapsody The instrumental lineup of a big band will vary from ensemble to ensemble, but is typically composed of around 17 musicians, divided into four sections: five saxophones; four trombones; four trumpets; a rhythm section of piano, double bass and drums; Common additions might include guitar, french horn, tuba or a vocalist. [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" - Duke Ellington & Ella Fitzgerald, It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing),, Kansas City was the swingingest sound in the world. can keep track of this form by counting to 4 twelve times ("1 2 3 4", "2 2 3 4", "3 2 3 4", "4 2 3 4", "5 2 3 4", etc. the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, ELLINGTON and William "Count" He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). Swing band music was organized in homophonywhere two or more instruments played similar or complementary lines. "Swing" feeling: The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. After the end of both bands, Basie formed his own orchestra, recruiting members from these two bands. Armstrong (nicknamed And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. (Click on the titles of the pieces Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. L6G9MTRv&hVSOC9Y)~06CW)j#8qE#C?YOK%d\SC9IT~U {J;F\m`F># and Ph. Click here for a FREE preview of The Classic Swing Bands newest CD Ballroom Dance Favorites.. jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. Art-music composer/conductor Leonard During the "Roaring Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. out of tune) notes, (4) and even a section with Armstrong's famous "scat has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent But Chick Webbs band would cut them., The one radio voice that I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). Jazz began in New Orleans in the Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. Foremost, they accentuated the movement of choreographed dancers. Basie, Count. Count Basie's saxophone section included. In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. Louis Blues, but by the late 1930s, with the migration of Cubans and Puerto Ricans to New York City, Afro-Cuban music emerged along with new dances, such as the rhumba. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. Alto sax player, arranger, and bandleader Jimmie Lunceford (19021947) studied music at and graduated from Fisk University in 1926. However, jazz continued its artistic evolution as swing became established around 1929. $27.95. This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. hmk6^/,$mA% All Jazz styles have two common features: - Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. Since 1960, several newer types Columbia, Victor, and Decca were the three most important, Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & Thats what makes it stand out. shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of John Coltrane's "hard bop" of style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. Four trombones comprised the trombone section. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. However, its so large that its most often placed upright next to the bassist when its being played. was introduced with greater emphasis on the soloist. By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: ", One of the most common forms used in jazz The International Sweethearts of Rhythm became known for its strong riffing brass section, heavy percussion, rhythmic sensibility, and dynamic blues playing heard in Jump Children.. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. below to see YouTube performance clips), - These smaller groups would play during intermissions of the larger band. Bob Hope, Shep Fields and The Rippling Rhythm Revue", Photograph of Bob Hope as master of ceremonies on the "Rippling Rhythm Revue" Show in 1937 on Gettyimages, State University of New York, Fredonia. A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section.Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation, big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements. Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. Henderson and arranger Don Redman followed the template of King Oliver, but as the 1920s progressed they moved away from the New Orleans format and transformed jazz. Which white swing clarinetist and bandleader, who spent as much of his early career as he could in Harlem, once said, "I was actually leading the life of a Negro musician"? Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). American society, while standing as a brilliant reflection of American freedom Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. Orleans musicians begin to consolidate the drum section (bass, snare, cymbals) commonly found in early New Orleans brass bands. Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. clarinetist, In the late 1940s, progressive A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites.

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