He also measured the degree of obliquity of the ecliptic (in effect, the tilt of Earths axis) and wrote a treatise on the octateris, an eight-year lunar-solar cycle. For other uses, see. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician with a strong interest in geography. 2011. It is believed that it was Eratosthenes' fame as a poet that attracted the attention of Ptolemy III Evergetes, who called him to Alexandria to tutor his son, as well as offering him a position as director of the city library. Term. He set the circumference measurement at 252,000 stadia, which is approximately 39,691 kilometers. [8], The son of Aglaos, Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in Cyrene. He died in 194BC at 82 in Alexandria. Eckerman, C. (2011). Eratosthenes was the founder of scientific chronology;[5] he used Egyptian and Persian records to estimate the dates of the main events of the mythical Trojan War, dating the sack of Troy to 1183 BC. The first person to determine the size of Earth was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who produced a surprisingly good measurement using a simple scheme that combined geometrical calculations with physical observations. II. Trigonometry can be used to roof a house, to make the roof inclined ( in the case of single individual bungalows) and the height of the roof in buildings etc. Eratosthenes (born c. 276 BCE, Cyrene, Libya) was a Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet who made the first measurements of Earths size for which any details are known. Christopher Columbus was one of those who studied the work of Eratosthenes. Contributions of Greeks in the field of Physical Geography: The Greeks made remarkable development in the field of physical geography. Archimedes is regarded as one of the most notable Greek mathematicians. He uses the angles of shadows and the distance between Alexandria and Syene to arrive at a value of 24,855 miles (40,000 kilometers). G. Argoud, J.Y. At present it is known that the equatorial diameter is 40,075 kilometers. He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt . Yet, according to an entry[7] in the Suda (a 10th-century encyclopedia), some critics scorned him, calling him Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he always came in second in all his endeavours. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. III. Although these tables have not survived, it is claimed that twelve books of tables of chords were written by Hipparchus. wikipedia.en/History_of_geophysics.md at main - github.com Fragments Collected and Translated, with Commentary and Additional Material. Corrections? [4] He created the first global projection of the world, incorporating parallels and meridians based on the available geographic knowledge of his era. Unfortunately, there are no documents left of his work after the destruction of the Library of Alexandria. The authors' texts have always been recognized for their readability, currency, dynamic art program, delivery of basic principles and instructor flexibility. So, he measured the angle of elevation during the same period and at the same time in Alexandria with the help of a gnomon. Ptolemy is known for his three scholarly works: the Almagest which focused on astronomy and geometry, the Tetrabiblos which focused on astrology, and, most importantly, Geography which advanced geographic knowledge. Ocean exploration - Wikipedia During his time at the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes devised a calendar using his predictions about the, He was also very proud of his solution for. There was the great bookstore, a museum and a school of advanced studies. Eratosthenes (276 BC - 194 BC) was an Ancient Greek scientist and philosopher who did work in astronomy, geometry, geography, mathematics, as well as poetry and history. He reportedly fell into despair, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation in 194 as a result. And afterwards, Uranio Zeus, may the scepter of your hand guide it. Eratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth. Cars &vehicles (9) [16] A geometric calculation reveals that the circumference of the Earth is the distance between the two cities divided by the difference in shadow angles expressed as a fraction of one turn. Boldly, they also sailed across the open ocean to settle Iceland and Greenland, even landing in North Americabecoming the first Europeans to do so. For his contributions to philosophy, Eratosthenes was called the second Plato. There he first coined the term "geography" and used his discoveries regarding the size and shape of the earth to represent it. What makes the scientific discipline of geography different from other science disciplines is its emphasis on space, place, and connection. As a young man, Eratosthenes studied in Athens. The actual circumference of the Earth is 24,874 miles (40,032 kilometers). Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition. They believed only rivers had currents, and named this mass of water okeanos (meaning river), from which we derived our term . His prime number sieve provided a simple way for Greek mathematicians (and frustrated modern students!) Hipparchus divided the Earth's surface into 360 degrees. Duane W. Roller provides a rich background, including a history of the text and its reception, a biography of Eratosthenes, and a comprehensive account of ancient Greek geographical thought and of Eratosthenes pioneering contribution to it. It provides insights into economic, social, historic, culture, religious, political, and climate geography, plus oceanography, demographics, and more. In the first, Eratosthenes addressed the previous theories and compiled the existing information in the library. Eratosthenes is named for the ancient Greek who first estimated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC. This algorithm is known in mathematics as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. Homers Iliad and The Odyssey were thought to be the first books on the subject. He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He sought to maintain the reputation of the Library of Alexandria against competition from the Library of Pergamum. _____ includes the study of the earth at History of Oceanography TIMELINE Print PDF Zoom Out Events Egyptian trade on nile 4000 B.C. Woocommerce Customization Tutorial, He published a book that he called GeographikaIt was there that he first coined the term geography. However, he never wanted to specialize in a single subject, for which some reproached him. Ptolemy was an astronomer and mathematician. He was the first to affirm that the heavy rains in the headwaters could explain the floods in the lower part of the flow. This is important to marine science because these concepts are used for locations around the globe. History Of Oceanography TIMELINE | Preceden Some time ago he had gone blind from cataracts and is believed to have committed suicide by starvation. He also calculated the tilt axis of the Earth. Your email address will not be published. Oceanography - Art of Problem Solving Oceanography - National Geographic Society Eratosthenes also studied under the poet and scholar Callimachus who had also been born in Cyrene. Eratosthenes' is believed to be the first person to attempt a determination of the size of the Earth through measurement. He returned to Cyrene and made such a name for himself in scholarly endeavors that the Greek ruler of Egypt brought him to Alexandria to tutor his son. in, Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 18:23, Eratosthenes' map of the (for the Greeks) known world, "Aratus's "Phenomena," Cleomedes's "On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies," and Nichomachus's "Introduction to Arithmetic" Viewer World Digital Library", "Eratosthenes on the "measurement" of the Earth", "The origin and value of the stadion unit used by Eratosthenes in the third century B.C", "Eratosthenes's large Earth and tiny universe", "Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata", English translation of the primary source for Eratosthenes and the size of the Earth, About Eratosthenes' methods, including a Java applet, How the Greeks estimated the distances to the Moon and Sun, Measuring the Earth with Eratosthenes' method, List of ancient Greek mathematicians and contemporaries of Eratosthenes, New Advent Encyclopedia article on the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes' sieve in classic BASIC all-web based interactive programming environment, Open source Physics Computer Model about Eratosthenes estimation of radius and circumference of Earth, Eratosthenes, Katasterismoi (or Astrothesiae), original text, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eratosthenes&oldid=1141770053, The first book was something of an introduction and gave a review of his predecessors, recognizing their contributions that he compiled in the library. Ben-Avraham et al. Uf Women's Studies Electives, While this work is the earliest we can trace certain ideas, words, and concepts in the historical record, earlier contributions may have been lost to history. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. Who is father of geography in India? It allows scientists to pinpoint specific locations using a system of degrees. Between 276 and 195 BC, he created one of the first known maps of the world, but his most significant contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. He believed it was a fixed globe whose changes only took place on the surface. Now part of modern-day Libya, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. Thus began the fame of Eratosthenes, since in his new field he achieved the recognition he had desired. "Eratosthenes." Calculated the Earth's circumference: 40,000 km (24,840 mi) More precise, modern measurement: 40,032 km (24,860 mi) Eratosthenes' most famous contribution to science was his calculation of the circumference of the Earth, which he completed while working on the second volume of his "Geography.". They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Greeks-create Maps of Med. Contribution of Greeks in the Field of Geography - Your Article Library 22.40, the Sieve of Eratosthenes, so that, if the number the user inputs into the program is not prime, the program displays the prime factors of the number. Cyrene was founded by Greeks from Thera before 600 BC, and it prospered as an independent city until the arrival of the Hellenic era. Why is Eratosthenes called the father of geography? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He tried to fix the dates of literary and political events since the siege of Troy. Eratosthenes united and organized in this work different information that he found in the Library of Alexandria. The Arabs were the great contributors in the field of mathematical, physical and regional geography. Given an estimate of the distance between the two cities, he was able to calculate the circumference of Earth, obtaining 250,000 stadia. Was In God We Trust Always In The Constitution? He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. An account of Eratosthenes method is preserved in the Greek astronomer Cleomedes Meteora. Are charitable contributions deductible in 2020? He found the circumference of the Earth to be nearly 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). Eratosthenes - New World Encyclopedia 3. Hermes It was one of his works, in which he addressed the life of the god, and another was named Erigone. Then numbers that are not prime are discarded. The first number following two that is not crossed off will be . Despite not having a prominent ancestry, Eratosthenes did come from a city that had achieved recognition by the men who were born in it. The word geography comes from a Middle French word that was first used in 1540. 2011. At this time Eratosthenes took advantage of his position and the access to the information he had to learn about the most diverse subjects. He was appointed as the Librarian of the Library of Alexandria-the post of highest academic honour of that period. I. Eratosthenes made maps, both of the world and sky and is said to have made a map that includes 675 stars. Name the major oceans and their main characteristics. His measurement of Earths circumference may have varied by 0.5 to 17 percent from the value accepted by modern astronomers, but it was certainly in the right range. Definition. . The word for Earth in Greek is geo, so we call this idea a geocentric theory. He acquired works such as the great dramas of Aeschylus and Euripides. The prime meridian plotted by Ptolemy was used by the Arabs for the calculation of time and longitudes. III. Pacific Ocean- Largest, deepest, lots of islands and seamounts. Eratosthenes (D.W.) Roller (ed., Trans.) Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE) was an ancient Greek Alexandrian scholar, native of Cyrene, who attained distinction in many fields including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and history. The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c.275-194 BC). Hutchinson's Biography Database 1. He wrote on many topics geography, mathematics, philosophy, chronology, literary criticism, grammar, poetry, and even old comedies. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010. Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) Geography is a chorographic discipline. Eratosthenes' method of measuring Earth's circumference, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eratosthenes, Famous Scientists - Biography of Eratosthenes, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Eratosthenes, Eratosthenes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). What were Eratosthenes contributions to geography? So he studied there, and briefly in Athens as well. It does so by iteratively marking as composite, i.e., not prime, the multiples of each prime, starting with the multiples of 2. The Fourteenth Edition incorporates It was now possible to estimate one's distance from remote locations with this network over the surface of the Earth. Whats a physical geographer? Explained by Sharing Culture The numbers from one to 400 are written in a table, with the numbers one to 20 across the top row. Polynesian Seafarers - Dive & Discover In this work, which for the first time described the geography of the entire inhabited world as it was then known, Eratosthenes of Kyrene (ca. He first studied with Zeno at the school of the Stoics. Besides navigation, Eratosthenes also measured the Earths circumference fairly well. Eratosthenes also found a solution to the so-called Deliano problem, or the doubling of the cube. This, so it happens, and when seeing the offering, someone says: this is the work of the Cyrenean Eratosthenes. In Athens he met so many philosophers that he was both amazed and overwhelmed. Geographika had 3 volumes. He created an algorithm to find prime numbers that is known as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. His prime number sieve made it simple for Greek mathematicians (and now-frustrated modern students!) What Is Fast Acquisition Corp. . Eratosthenes was a lover of the theater and wrote a series of twelve books which he titled Old Comedy.

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